Macular degeneration, commonly referred to as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is the leading cause of sight loss in the developed world and affects more than 10 million Americans. Although it typically develops in adults over age 60, younger individuals can also be affected. AMD is painless and usually impacts both eyes, causing loss of central vision while leaving peripheral vision intact — meaning it does not cause complete blindness.
What Is the Macula?
The macula is the most sensitive part of the retina and is responsible for central vision — the detailed, sharp vision needed for reading, driving, recognizing faces, and seeing fine details clearly.
Varieties of AMD
Wet AMD
Wet AMD occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the macula and leak blood or fluid, causing scarring and rapid central vision loss. This form of AMD can develop suddenly. Immediate referral to a specialist is essential because early treatment can slow or stop progression.
Dry AMD
Dry AMD is the most common form and progresses gradually as retinal cells break down over time. Although slower to progress, dry AMD can still significantly affect vision. Up to 15% of patients with dry AMD later develop wet AMD, which is why sudden vision changes should always be evaluated promptly.
Symptoms of Macular Degeneration
AMD affects each person differently, and symptoms may be subtle in the early stages. As the retinal cells deteriorate, you may notice:
- Distorted or curved straight lines (such as door frames or lampposts)
- Dark or empty spots in central vision
- Faded or less vibrant colors
- Difficulty adjusting between dark and bright environments
- Blurred central vision
- Objects appearing to change shape, size, or color
- Sensitivity to bright lights
- Words disappearing while reading
Reducing Your Risk of Developing AMD
Although there is no single known trigger for AMD, some factors — such as age and family history — increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Experts recommend several lifestyle choices that may help lower your risk:
- Quit smoking
- Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables
- Limit alcohol consumption
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Stay physically active through regular exercise
There is also limited research suggesting that leafy green vegetables may help slow vision deterioration in cases of dry AMD.
Treatment Options for AMD
There is currently no cure for either form of AMD. Treatment focuses on slowing progression and helping patients maximize remaining vision.
Treatment for Dry AMD
Dry AMD treatments aim to support visual function and slow deterioration. Options may include:
- Using magnifying lenses or digital magnifiers for reading
- Low-vision aids to improve day-to-day function
- Following nutritional recommendations, such as the AREDS2 vitamin formula (as recommended by an eye doctor)
Treatment for Wet AMD
Wet AMD is often treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections. These medications help stop the development of abnormal blood vessels and prevent further vision loss.
Laser therapy may be recommended in some cases to destroy abnormal blood vessels. However, laser treatment is appropriate only for certain types of wet AMD, and only a small percentage of patients are good candidates.
Partnering With Your Eye Doctor
If you have concerns about AMD or are experiencing vision changes, speaking with your optometrist is the best next step. Early detection through regular comprehensive eye exams can significantly improve long-term outcomes.
Request an appointment today to schedule a macular degeneration evaluation with our dedicated eye care team.
